Retracted coronavirus (COVID-19) papers

We’ve been tracking retractions of papers about COVID-19 as part of our database. Here’s a running list, which will be updated as needed. (For some context on these figures, see this post, our letter in Accountability in Research and the last section of this Nature news article. Also see a note about the terminology regarding preprint servers at the end.)

Retracted

“5G Technology and induction of coronavirus in skin cells,” published in Biological Regulators & Homeostatic Agents on July 16, 2020, withdrawn on July 24, 2020. Our coverage here.
“6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study,” published on January 8, 2021 in the Lancet; EOC issued on November 24, 2022, retracted and republished on June 8, 2023. See our coverage here and here.
“A Case Series of Stent Thrombosis During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” published on May 27, 2020 in JACC: Case Reports; retraction date is unknown. Retracted as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“A Comparison of Early Rehabilitation in the Intensive Care Units of Patients With Severe COVID-19: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis,” published November 10, 2022 in Cureus; retracted on April 4, 2023.
“A data-mining based analysis of traditional Chinese medicine in diagnosing and treating COVID-19,” published on June 24, 2021 in The Anatomical Record; unknown when retracted.
“A deep learning model and machine learning methods for the classification of potential coronavirus treatments on a single human cell,” published on October 17, 2020 in the Journal of Nanoparticle Research; retracted on August 16, 2021.
“A Discourse Analysis of Quotidian Expressions of Nationalism during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chinese Cyberspace,” published on September 8, 2020; retracted on April 12, 2022.
“A fuzzy rough hybrid decision making technique for identifying the infected population of COVID-19,” published on November 23, 2020 in Soft Computing; retracted on May 29, 2023.
“A lost chance for what? COVID-19 and its repercussions on global public opinion of China’s development model and international leadership,” published on September 1, 2021 in Journal of International Studies; retracted on December 1, 2021.
“A Measurement Approach Using Smart-IoT Based Architecture for Detecting the COVID-19,” published on August 4, 2021 in Neural Processing Letters; retracted on October 14, 2024.
“A mechanistic analysis placental intravascular thrombus formation in COVID-19 patients,” published on April 25, 2020 in Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. Retracted on June 22, 2020 as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“A meta-analysis of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibody treatment for COVID-19 patients,” published on August 20, 2021 in Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease; retracted on November 21, 2021. See our coverage here.
“A MobileNet-based CNN model with a novel fine-tuning mechanism for COVID-19 infection detection,” published on January 4, 2023 in Soft Computing; retracted on August 7, 2024.
“A Model Based Analysis for COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Implications for Health Systems and Policy for Low- and Middle-Income Countries,” preprint possted on June 12, 2020 in medRxiv; retracted on August 18, 2020.
“A Multiobjective Optimization Model for Prevention and Control of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China,” published on January 5, 2022 in Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society; retracted on January 24, 2024.
“A new emergency response of spherical intelligent fuzzy decision process to diagnose of COVID19,” published on October 1, 2020 in Soft Computing; corrected on January 9, 2021; retracted on May 29, 2023.
“A new prediction approach of the COVID-19 virus pandemic behavior with a hybrid ensemble modular nonlinear autoregressive neural network,” published on November 19, 2020 in Soft Computing; retracted on July 10, 2023.
“A novel approach to managing COVID-19 patients; results of lopinavir plus doxycycline cohort,” published on August 27, 2020 in the European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases; retracted on November 28, 2023.
“A pilot study of the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment on cognitive dysfunction associated with post COVID-19 condition,” published on January 3, 2023 in Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences; retracted on September 8, 2023.
“A psychosocial exploration of body dissatisfaction: A narrative review With a focus on India during COVID-19,” published on July 29, 2021 in Frontiers in Global Women’s Health; retracted on January 19, 2023.
“A qualitative study of the impact of COVID 19, on health care providers for cancer patients: An original research,” published on November 10, 2021 in the Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences; retracted on July 13, 2022.
“A Rapid Artificial Intelligence-Based Computer-Aided Diagnosis System for COVID-19 Classification from CT Images,” published on December 27, 2021 in Behavioural Neurology; retracted on August 9, 2023.
“A Report on Myocarditis Adverse Events in the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) in Association with COVID-19 Injectable Biological Products,” published on October 1, 2021 in Current Problems in Cardiology, temporarily retracted on October 15, 2021. Our coverage here.
“A Retrospective Analysis and Comparison of Prisoners and Community-Based Patients with COVID-19 Requiring Intensive Care During the First Phase of the Pandemic in West Texas,” published on November 2, 2020 in the Journal of Primary Care & Community Health; retracted on July 16, 2021.
“A Review on Building Design as a Biomedical System for Preventing COVID-19 Pandemic,” published on April 30, 2022 in buildings; retracted on September 6, 2024.
“A review of convalescent plasma transfusion in COVID-19: Old wine reserved for special occasions,” published in Lung India on September 16, 2020; retracted December 31, 2020.
“A Spiritual Prescription to Bereaved Parents of Children Died Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019,” published on September 29, 2022 in the Journal of Child Science; retracted on January 19, 2024.
“A Spiritual View to COVID-19 Pandemic,” published on November 3, 2022 in the Journalof Child Science; retracted on January 19, 2024.
“A systematic approach for COVID-19 predictions and parameter estimation,” published on November 6, 2020 in Personal and Ubiquitous Computing; retracted on December 14, 2024.
“A Systematic Review of Autopsy Findings in Deaths after COVID-19 Vaccination,” published on July 5, 2023 in SSRN: Preprints with The Lancet; retracted on July 6, 2023.
“A Systematic Review of Autopsy Findings in Deaths after COVID-19 Vaccination,” published on June 21, 2024 in Forensic Science International; retracted on August 1, 2024.
“A study of COVID-19 in the Wuhan, Beijing, Urumqi and Dalian cities based on the regional disease vulnerability index,” published on September 4, 2021 in the Journal of Infection and Public Health; retracted on unknown date for publisher error in duplicate publishing.
“A Study of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Drugs and Preliminary Research of Their Molecular Mechanism, Based on Anti-SARS-CoV Drug Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulation,” published on December 1, 2020 in the Journal of Computational Biology; retracted on June 25, 2021.
“A thematic analysis of system wide learning from first wave Covid-19 in the east of England,” publishing on April 25, 2022 in BMC Health Services Research; retracted on July 5, 2022.
“A topic-based hierarchical publish/subscribe messaging middleware for COVID-19 detection in X-ray image and its metadata,” published on October 19, 2020 in Soft Computing; retracted on May 29, 2023.
“Accurate computation: COVID-19 rRT-PCR positive test dataset using stages classification through textual big data mining with machine learning,” published on January 4, 2021 in The Journal of Supercomputing; retracted on November 21, 2022.
“Acute kidney injury and collapsing glomerulopathy associated with COVID-19 and APOL1 high risk genotype,” Abstract 111 and Abstract 621, both published in the Journal of Investigative Medicine; both retracted on April 1, 2021.
“Acute necrotizing myelitis and acute motor axonal neuropathy in a COVID-19 patient,” published in Journal of Neurology on August 9, 2020; unknown date of retraction.
“Addressing the Mental Health Needs of Filipino Child Victims of Online Sexual Exploitation During the COVID-19 Crisis: Challenges in Implementing Online Intervention Studies for Vulnerable Populations,” published on January 11, 2022 in the Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health; retracted on February 22, 2022.
“Advancing ambulatory pharmacy practice through a crisis: Objectives and strategies used in an ambulatory care action team’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic,” published on January 23, 2021 in the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy; retracted on April 1, 2022 due to published error causing duplicate publication.
“AI Techniques for COVID-19,” published in IEEE Access on July 8, 2020; retracted in October (exact date unknown).
“An adaptive speech signal processing for COVID-19 detection using deep learning approach,” published on August 21, 2021 in the International Journal of Speech Technology; retracted on October 13, 2022.
“An effective protective equipment to use in the vaginal delivery of the pregnant women with suspected/diagnosed COVID-19: Delivery Table Shield,” published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology on June 15, 2020, withdrawn sometime before June 25, 2020. Retracted and reinstated. Republished on unknown date, no explanation given. Our coverage here.
“An epidemiological investigation of a new coronavirus pneumonia cluster epidemic spread in public transportation” (also titled “An epidemiological investigation of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases through aerosol-borne transmission by public transport”), published in early March in Practical Preventive Medicine and retracted sometime in mid-April. More context here.
“An Intelligent Mechanism for COVID-19 Emergency Resource Coordination and Follow-Up Response,” published on June 20, 2022 in Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience; retracted on July 26, 2023.
“Anal swab as the potentially optimal specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection to evaluate the hospital discharge of COVID-19 patients,” published on August 14, 2020 in Future Microbiology; retracted on April 13 2021.
“Analysis of 329,942 SARS-CoV-2 records retrieved from GISAID database,” published on October 26, 2021 in Computers in Biology and Medicine; retracted on April 20, 2022.
“Analysis of Conocurvone, Ganoderic acid A and Oleuropein molecules against the main protease molecule of COVID-19 by in silico approaches: Molecular dynamics docking studies,” published on February 27, 2023 in Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements; retracted on August 16, 2023.
“Analysis of Ten Microsecond simulation data of SARS-CoV-2 dimeric main protease,” preprint posted on bioRxiv, April 12, 2020, withdrawn April 16, 2020.
“Analysis of thin-section CT in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) after hospital discharge,” published on May 15, 2020 in Clinical Imaging; retraction date/reason is unknown.
“Analysis of Urban Residents’ Consumption Behavior and Influencing Factors of Ecological Agricultural Products in the Post-Pandemic Era of COVID-19,” published on May 14, 2022 in Applied Bionics and Biomechanics; retracted on November 21, 2022.
“Antiviral treatment could not provide clinical benefit in management of mild COVID-19: A Retrospective Experience from Field hospital,” published on July 31, 2021 in the Journal of Infection and Public Health; unknown date of retraction.
“Anxiety and depressive symptoms of German university students 20 months after the COVID-19 outbreak – A cross-sectional study,” published on October 8, 2022 in the Journal of Affective Disorders; retracted on June 27, 2024.
“Application of embedded computer and improved genetic algorithm in the strategy of community of human destiny: the development of artificial intelligence in the context of Covid-19,” published on April 9, 2021 in the Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing; retracted on October 30, 2022.
“Artemisia Extracts and Artemisinin-Based Antimalarials for COVID-19 Management: Could These Be Effective Antivirals for COVID-19 Treatment?” published on June 14, 2022 in Molecules; retracted on October 30, 2023.
“Assessing the Dissemination of COVID-19 Articles Across Social Media With Altmetric and PlumX Metrics: Correlational Study,” published on June 13, 2020 as a preprint, and January 14, 2021 as an article in the Journal of Medical Internet Research; retracted on July 29, 2022.
“Assessing the nexus between fiscal policy, COVID-19, and economic growth,” published on April 29, 2022 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research; retracted on July 6, 2024.
“Assessment of COVID-19 pandemic effects on ship pollutant emissions in major international seaports,” published on October 23, 2021 in Environmental Research; retraction date/reason is unknown.
“Association of Initial Viral Load in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Patients with Outcome and Symptoms,” published on July 7, 2020 in The American Journal of Pathology; retraction date is unknown. Retracted as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“Association of the corona virus (Covid-19) epidemic with environmental risk factors,” published on April 6, 2023 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research; retracted on September 25, 2024.
“Atorvastatin versus Placebo in ICU Patients with COVID-19: Ninety-day Results of the INSPIRATION-S Trial,” published on March 21, 2023 in Thrombosis and Haemostasis; temporarily retracted on unknown date.
“Automated COVID-19 Classification Using Heap-Based Optimization with the Deep Transfer Learning Model,” published on August 22, 2022 in Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience; retracted on August 9, 2023.
“Autopsy and Histologic Findings of Patients with New Coronavirus Pneumonia: The Pathologic Associations with Hypoxemia,” published on February 13, 2020 in Medical Science Monitor; retracted on March 17, 2021.
“Ayurvedic management of moderate COVID-19 infection: A case report,” published on October 16, 2020 in the Journal of Ayurveda Case Reports; retracted on January 18, 2021.
“Basic Demographic Parameters Help Predict Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 During the First Wave of Infection in West Texas,” published on November 2, 2020 in the Journal of Primary Care & Community Health; retracted on July 16, 2021.
“Because if I don’t hold his hand then I might as well not be there”: Experiences of Dutch and UK care home visiting during the COVID-19 pandemic,” published on September 17, 2021 in the Journal of the American Medical Directors Association; unknown date of retraction.
“Biopsychosocial intersections of social/affective touch and psychiatry: Implications of ‘touch hunger’ during COVID-19,” published February 24, 2021 in the International Journal of Social Psychiatry; retracted on November 26, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Calcifediol Treatment and COVID-19-Related Outcomes,” preprint posted to Preprints with The Lancet on January 22 and removed on February 19. Our coverage here.
“Can quantitative RT-PCR for SARS-coV-2 help in better management of patients and control of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,” published on November 16, 2020 in Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology; unknown date of retraction.
“Can spike fragments of SARS-CoV-2 induce genomic instability and DNA damage in the guppy, Poecilia reticulate? An unexpected effect of the COVID-19 pandemic,” published on February 19, 2022 in the Science of The Total Environment; retracted on unknown date, as html page was simply overwritten.
“Can Traditional Chinese Medicine provide insights into controlling the COVID-19 pandemic: Serpentinization-induced lithospheric long-wavelength magnetic anomalies in Proterozoic bedrocks in a weakened geomagnetic field mediate the aberrant transformation of biogenic molecules in COVID-19 via magnetic catalysis,” published in Science of the Total Environment on October 8, 2020, “temporary removal” on November 5, 2020, subsequently retracted on an unknown date. Our coverage here.
“Can use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19 affect aquatic wildlife? A study conducted with neotropical tadpole,” published on March 18, 2021 in the Science of the Total Environment; retracted on unknown date, html overwrite.
“Can Your AI Differentiate Cats from Covid-19? Sample Efﬁcient Uncertainty Estimation for Deep Learning Safety,” reportedly to be presented at the ICML 2020 Workshop on Uncertainty and Robustness in Deep Learning in July, 2020, removed sometime before June 17, 2020. Improbable Research discusses it here.
“Cardiovascular Disease, Drug Therapy, and Mortality in Covid-19,” published in the New England Journal of Medicine on May 1, 2020, subjected to an expression of concern on June 2, 2020 and retracted on June 4.
“Case Report: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) modified RNA vaccination-induced adult-onset still’s disease with fulminant myocarditis as initial presentation,” published on March 14, 2023 in Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine; retracted on October 14, 2024.
“Cerebral Venous Infarct After Recovery From COVID-19 Pneumonia,” published on November 20, 2021 in Cureus; EOC issued on April 7, 2022; retracted on January 25, 2024.
“Characteristics and risk factors for COVID-19 diagnosis and adverse outcomes in Mexico: an analysis of 89,756 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases,” published in the European Respiratory Journal on July 31, 2020, and retracted on March 4, 2021.
“Changes in depression and suicidal ideation under severe lockdown restrictions during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: a longitudinal study in the general population,” published on June 2, 2021 in Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences; retracted on March 13, 2023.
“Characterization of all small RNAs in and comparisons across cultured megakaryocytes and platelets of healthy individuals and COVID-19 patients,” published on August 7, 2023 in the Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis; temporary removal on unknown date because of premature publication by Elsevier; reinstated on September 18, 2023.
“Chinese medical personnel after the COVID-19 pandemic,” published on March 25, 2023 in the Lancet; retracted on March 31, 2023.
“Chinese medical staff request international medical assistance in fighting against COVID-19,” letter in The Lancet published February 24, 2020 and retracted February 26, 2020. More context here.
“Chinese mental health burden during the COVID-19 pandemic,” published on April 14, 2020 in the Asian Journal of Psychiatry; EOC issued September 3, 2020; retracted on November 4, 2020. Our coverage here.
“Chinese nationalism during the COVID-19 pandemic: Conciliatory and confrontational discourses,” published on January 4, 2022, in Nations and Nationalism; retracted on unknown date.
“Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: why might they be hazardous?” published in The Lancet on May 22, 2020, retracted and replaced July 9, 2020. Our coverage here.
“Clinical and CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19),” published on March 3, 2020 in the Journal of Infection; unknown dates for retraction and reinstatement. Retracted and reinstated.
“Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of 34 Children With 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection in Shenzhen,” published in Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi on February 17, 2020, date of retraction unknown.
“Clinical and Scientific Rationale for the “MATH+” Hospital Treatment Protocol for COVID-19,” published on December 15, 2020 in the Journal of Intensive Care Medicine; retracted on October 9, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Clinical Characteristics and Blood Test Results in COVID-19 Patients,” published on May 1, 2020 in the Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science; retracted on July 1, 2020.
“Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to an intensive care unit in Faisalabad, Pakistan,” published on March 17, 2021 in the International Journal of Clinical Practice; retracted on October 12, 2021.
“Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors among Patients with Positive COVID-19 Test Admitted to ICU,” published on October 7, 2022 in BioMed Research International: retracted on August 2, 2023.
“Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors Associated with Severe Disease Progression among COVID-19 Patients In Wad Medani Isolation Centers: A Multicenter Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study,” published on February 28, 2022 in Health Science Reports; retracted on Augut 24, 2023.
“Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Myocardial Injury and Arrhythmia in COVID-19 patients,” preprint posted on December 3, 2020 in medRxiv; retracted on August 3, 2021.
“Clinical characteristics of skin manifestations in the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2,” published on May 12, 2020 in Clinical Dermatology and Venerology; retracted on July 22, 2021.
“Clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy,” published on March 5, 2020 in Journal of Infection; unknown date of retraction. Hat tip.
“Clinical sequelae of the novel coronavirus: does COVID-19 infection predispose patients to cancer?”, published in Future Oncology in May 2020, retracted for plagiarism in December 2020. Our coverage here.
“Combined effects of inflammation and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the risks of anxiety and depression: a cross-sectional study based on UK Biobank,” published on April 13, 2023 in the Journal of Medical Virology; retracted on July 14, 2023.
“Comment on an article: ‘Osteoporosis in the age of COVID-19 patients‘,” published on January 21, 2021 in Osteoporosis International; retracted on July 14, 2021.
“Community pharmacists: On the frontline of health service against COVID-19 in LMICs,” published on April 19, 2020 in Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy; retraction date is unknown. Retracted as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“Comparison of the Performance of Various Scores in Predicting Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19,” published on December 27, 2021 in the journal Cureus; retracted on March 17, 2022.
“Complete Heart Block, Severe Ventricular Dysfunction and Myocardial Inflammation in a Child with COVID-19 Infection,” published on May 27, 2020 in JACC: Case Reports; retraction date is unknown. Retracted as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“Computational analysis suggests putative intermediate animal hosts of the SARS-CoV-2,” preprint posted on bioRxiv on April 5, 2020, withdrawn April 20, 2020.
“Construction of COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control and Public Health Emergency Response System Based on Discrete Stochastic Mathematical Model,” published on April 13, 2022 in Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine; retracted on July 12, 2023.
“Convalescent plasma therapy in COVID 19: Every dark cloud has a silver lining,” published on October 16, 2020 in Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology; retracted January 18, 2021.
“Convalescent Plasma, an Apheresis Research Project Targeting and Motivating the Fully Recovered COVID 19 Patients: A Rousing Message of Clinical Benefit To Both Donors and Recipients Alike,” published on April 22, 2020 in Transfusion and Apheresis Science; unknown date of retraction for duplicate publication by journal error.
“Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and immunity booster green foods: A mini review,” published on May 31, 2020 in Food Science & Nutrition; retracted on May 2, 2024.
“Coronavirus disease 2019 in a 2-month-old male infant: a case report from Iran,” published on September 21, 2020 in the Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics; retracted on July 19, 2022.
“Coronavirus herd immunity optimizer to solve classification problems,” published on March 15, 2022 in Soft Computing; retracted on May 22, 2023.
“Corona Virus Killed by Sound Vibrations Produced by Thali or Ghanti: A Potential Hypothesis,” published in March-August 2020 issue of Journal of Molecular Pharmaceuticals and Regulatory Affairs; date of retraction unknown.
“Coronary arteries and aortic valve calcifications in COVID-19,” published on January 23, 2022 in Emergency Radiology; retracted on March 18, 2022.
“Coronavirus disease-2019: A brief compilation of facts,” published on May 8, 2020 in the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; retracted in the May-August 2020 issue.
“Correlation between COVID-19 and air pollution: the effects of PM2.5 and PM10 on COVID-19 outcomes,” published on December 15, 2023 in European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences; retracted on June 15, 2024.
“Countering fake news in the COVID-19 era: The public’s opinion on the role of an honest and reliable website,” published on November 17, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“COVID 19 response: An analysis of teachers’ perception on pedagogical successes and challenges of digital teaching practice during new normal,” published on April 18, 2021 in Education and Information Technologies; retracted on August 9, 2021.
“Covid and Biologics,” published on September 11, 2020 in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology; date of retraction is unknown. Retracted as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“COVID-19 admissions calculators – Revisited,” published on April 25, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted on June 23, 2021. See our related coverage here.
“COVID-19 admissions calculators: General population and paediatric cohort,” published on April 10, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted on June 17, 2021. See our related coverage here.
“COVID-19 and cognitive impairment: A cross-sectional clinic-based study,” published on February 22, 2022 in Brain and Behavior; retracted on August 4, 2023.
“COVID-19 and potential global mortality – Revisited,” published on April 30, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“COVID-19 and stock exchange return variation: empirical evidences from econometric estimation,” published on June 21, 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research; retracted on July 6, 2024.
“COVID-19 and the scaled-down 2020 Hajj Pilgrimage – Decisive, logical and prudent decision making by Saudi authorities overcomes pre-Hajj public health concerns,” published on August 8, 2020 in the International Journal of Infectious Diseases; date of retraction is unknown. Retracted as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“COVID-19 as an “infodemic” in public health: Critical role of the social media,” published on March 18, 2021 in Frontiers in Public Health; retracted on December 23, 2022.
“COVID-19 Emergency Responders in FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research,” published sometime after April 6, 2020 in Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, date of retraction unknown.
“COVID-19 Epidemic Analysis in India with Multi-Source State-Level Datasets,” published on April 25, 2022; retracted on December 29, 2023.
“COVID-19 in Africa and collateral effects on health systems and their immunization programs,” published on October 9, 2020 in Vaccine; retraction date is unknown.
“COVID-19 is ageist, sexist, ruthless, dispassionate and opportunistic – Protecting our vulnerable,” published on October 1, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“COVID-19 Infection Structure Analysis Based on Minimum Spanning Tree Visualization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Regions,” published on July 26, 2022 in the Journal of Chemistry; retracted on August 23, 2023.
“COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels,” published on March 2, 2022 in Open Engineering; retracted on July 12, 2022 due to duplicate publication by journal error.
“COVID-19 mortality and its predictors in the elderly: A systematic review,” published on May 23, 2022 in Health Science Reports; corrected on July 21, 2022 and retracted on July 25, 2023.
“COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: Lessons Learned from the Registrational Trials and Global Vaccination Campaign,” published on January 24, 2024 in Cureus; retracted on February 26, 2024. See our coverage here.
“COVID-19 pandemic and unemployment rate: A hybrid unemployment rate prediction approach for developed and developing countries of Asia,” published on May 19, 2021 in Soft Computing; retracted on December 1, 2022.
“COVID-19 pandemic planning, response, and lessons learned at a community hospital,” published on September 3, 2022 in the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy; retracted on September 30, 2022 due to duplicate publication by publisher error.
“COVID-19 related acute decline in paediatric admissions in Malta, a population-based study,” published on November 12, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among the general population of Pakistan: a population-based survey,” published on September 17, 2022 in BMJ Open; retracted on October 23, 2023.
“COVID-19, its novel vaccination and fake news – What a brew,” published on November 12, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“COVID-19, Suicide, and Femicide: rapid research using Google Search,” published on January 22, 2021 in The Journal of General Psychology; retracted on May 19, 2021. See our coverage here.
“COVID-19: A global and continental overview of the second wave and its (relatively) attenuated case fatality ratio,” published on October 3, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“COVID-19: Combined supply-side and demand-side shocks, so lift restrictions (carefully) lest GPD declines ultimately kill more than COVID-19,” published on October 1, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“COVID-19: Mathematical estimation of delay to deaths in relation to upsurges in positive rates,” published on October 1, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Covid -19: Should sexual practices be discouraged during the pandemic?” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, publication date unknown (accepted April 16), retracted on or around May 11, and replaced on an unknown date. Retracted and reinstated. Our coverage here.
“COVID-19: The possible seasonal shape of things to come,” published on November 12, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“CoViTris2020 and ChloViD2020: a striking new hope in COVID-19 therapy,” published on January 3, 2021 in Molecular Diversity; retracted on September 3, 2022.
“‘Crisis Within the Walls’: Rise of Intimate Partner Violence During the Pandemic, Indian Perspectives,” published on May 28, 2021 in Frontiers in Global Women’s Health; retracted on January 9, 2023.
“Critical thinking cultivation in Chinese learning classes for International students during the COVID-19 pandemic,” published on May 10, 2021 in the journal Thinking Skills and Creativity; retracted on June 22, 2022.
“CT-based risk factors for mortality of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study,” published on July 1, 2021 in Frontiers in Radiology; retracted on November 9, 2023.
“Cuentos Lunares: Poems and Flash Fiction That Save Lives — A Euromelanoma Project During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” published on November 11, 2021 in Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas; retracted on an unknown date due to publisher error causing a duplcate publication.
“Deaths induced by compassionate use of hydroxychloroquine during the first COVID-19 wave: An estimate,” published on January 2, 2024 in Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy; retracted on August 26, 2024.
“Decrease in Hospitalizations for COVID-19 after Mask Mandates in 1083 U.S. Counties,” medRxiv preprint posted on October 23, 2020 and withdrawn on November 4, 2020.
“Deep Convolutional Neural Network Mechanism Assessment of COVID-19 Severity,” published on August 23, 2022 in BioMed Research International; retracted on December 29, 2023.
“Deep fractional max pooling neural network for COVID-19 recognition,” published on August 10, 2021 in Frontiers in Pubic Health; retracted on January 3, 2024.
“Deep learning system to screen coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia,” published on April 22, 2020 in Applied Intelligence; date of retraction is unknown.
“Dependence of emotional burnout on personality typology in the COVID-19 pandemic,” published on November 26, 2021 in the journal Work; retracted on October 14, 2022.
“Describing the unvaccinated as the main driver of the current COVID-19 situation in Germany should not be based on analyzing pre-pandemic patterns of contacts,” published on December 13, 2021 in The Lancet Regional Health – Europe; retracted on January 10, 2022
“Detecting Subacute Thyroiditis after COVID-19 infection using Deep Learning Techniques – A Case Study,” published on April 23, 2021 in the Journal of Physics: Conference Series; retracted on December 21, 2021.
“Determinants of COVID-19 incidence and mortality: A cross-country analysis,” preprint posted on June 12, 2020 in medRxiv; retracted on June 19, 2020.
“Development and evaluation of rapid data-enabled access to routine clinical information to enhance early recruitment to the national clinical platform trial of COVID-19 community treatments,” published on January 20, 2022 in Trials; corrected on September 19, 2023 and retracted on October 29, 2024.
“Diagnosis and combating COVID-19 using wearable Oura smart ring with deep learning methods,” published on February 26, 2021 in Personal and Ubiquitous Computing; corrected on March 23, 2021; retracted on August 30, 2023.
“Discovery of (E)-N-(4-cyanobenzylidene)-6-fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide (cyanorona-20): the first potent and specific anti-COVID-19 drug,” published on May 16, 2021 in Chemical Papers; retracted on June 4, 2022.
“Distance learning impact on the English language teaching during COVID-19,” published on May 27, 2021 in Education and Information Technologies; retracted on August 23, 2022.
“Doctors’ and Patients’ Perceptions of Impacts of Doctors’ Communication and Empathy Skills on Doctor–Patient Relationships During COVID-19,” published on October 17, 2022 in Journal of General Internal Medicine; retracted on November 09, 2023.
“Does China Pakistan Economic Corridor become an avenue to achieve sustainable development goal no. 2 (food security) in Pakistan: Under the condition of COVID-19?,” published on January 6, 2023 in PLoS ONE; corrected on March 1, 2023 and retracted on April 4, 2023.
“Does money buy health? evaluation of stock market performance and economic growth in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic,” published on July 6, 2022 in PLoS One; retracted on October 14, 2024.
“Does stock market development and COVID-19 pandemic lead to financial crisis: the case of largest Islamic stock exchange market?,” published on March 12, 2021 in the Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment; retracted on February 17, 2023.
“Dyslipidemia Increases the Risk of Severe COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression,” published on February 8, 2021 in Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology; retracted on unknown date.
“Early Release Estimates for SARS-CoV-2 Prevalence and Antibody Response Interim Weighting for Probability-Based Sample Surveys,” preprint posted on September 18, 2020 in medRxiv; retracted on October 8, 2020.
“Economic and social implications of the spread of Corona virus on the Saudi Community and the scientific and practical solutions to reduce and limit them,” published on March 29, 2021 in the Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment; retracted on February 17, 2023.
“Ecuadorian university English teachers’ reflections on emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic,” published on April 30, 2022 in SN Social Sciences; retracted on July 20, 2022.
“Effect of relative humidity and wind on the human sneezing to prevent virus transmission: A numerical approach,” published on October 11, 2021 in Aerosol Science and Technology; retracted on June 13, 2022.
“Effectiveness of Surgical and Cotton Masks in Blocking SARS–CoV-2: A Controlled Comparison in 4 Patients,” published on April 6, 2020 in the Annals of Internal Medicine, retracted on June 1, 2020.
“Effectiveness of ZYESAMI™ (Aviptadil) in accelerating recovery and shortening hospitalization in critically-ill patients with COVID-19 Respiratory Failure: interim report from a phase 2b/3 multicenter trial,” published on February 27, 2021 in SSRN, removed without notice on an unknown date.
“Effects of a Single Dose of Ivermectin on Viral and Clinical Outcomes in Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infected Subjects: A Pilot Clinical Trial in Lebanon,” published on May 26, 2021 in Viruses; retracted on October 26, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Stroke Patients,” published on August 24, 2020 in Cureus; retracted on January 13, 2021.
“Efficacy and safety of acupuncture therapy for asymptomatic infection of COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis‘” published on October 9, 2020 in Medicine; retracted on March 12, 2021.
“Efficacy and safety of acupuncture therapy for COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis,” published on May 29, 2020 in Medicine; retracted on March 12, 2021.
“Efficacy and Safety of Ayurveda Intervention (AYUSH 64) as add-on therapy for patients with COVID-19 infections – An open labelled, Parallel Group, Randomized controlled clinical trial,” preprint posted on August 17, 2021 in medRxiv; retracted on September 27, 2021.
“Efficacy and Safety of Ivermectin for Treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19 Pandemic,” preprint posted on ResearchSquare on November 13, 2020, withdrawn (along with its two revisions) on July 14, 2021. More information here.
“Efficacy of combined Sofosbuvir and Daclatasvir in the treatment of COVID-19 patients with pneumonia: a multicenter Egyptian study,” published on July 6, 2021 in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy; retracted on August 24, 2022.
“Efficacy of favipiravir in COVID-19 treatment: a multi-center randomized study,” published on January 25, 2021 in Archives of Virology; EOC issued January 25, 2021; retracted on November 22, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Elevated histamine etiology model for most major vaccine associated adverse events including SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccines,” published on June 8, 2022 in the journal Medical Hypotheses; retracted on unknown date.
“Emergency Preparedness and COVID-19: A Review of AWWA Policy Statements and Guidance,” published on August 4, 2020 in Opflow. Retracted on December 4, 2020.
“Emotional Burden Associated with COVID-19: Trust and Communication in Cancer Care,” published in Cancer Investigation on November 4, 2020. Retracted on March 12, 2021 as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“Empirical evidence of effects of stringency amid Covid-19 pandemic spread,” published on April 2, 2022 in Soft Computing; retracted on July 15, 2024.
“Employees’ personality traits and needs’ frustration predicts stress overload during the COVID-19 pandemic,” published on May 1, 2022 in the Scandanavian Journal of Psychology; retracted on January 31, 2024.
“Energy financing for energy retrofit in COVID-19: Recommendations for green bond financing,” published on November 20, 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research; retracted on July 11, 2024.
“Enhanced bat algorithm for COVID-19 short-term forecasting using optimized LSTM,” published on August 11, 2021 in Soft Computing; retracted on May 22, 2023.
“Environmental impacts of COVID-19 treatment: Toxicological evaluation of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine in adult zebrafish,” published on May 29, 2021 in the Science of the Total Environment; retracted on unknown date, html page overwrite.
“Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China,” medRxiv preprint posted on February 11, 2020 and withdrawn February 21, 2020. More context here.
“Epidemiological Features of COVID-19 in Makkah City: A Retrospective Data Analysis,” published on February 24, 2022 in Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine; retracted on February 5, 2023.
“Epidemiology of post-COVID conditions beyond 3 years and factors associated with their persistence longer than 2 years: A cross-sectional study,” published on February 11, 2024 in the Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy; retracted on November 16, 2024.
“Errors of Interpretation – correcting the record on the comparative efficacy of surgical masks versus respirators,” published on December 15, 2022 in Clinical Infectious Diseases; retracted on January 17, 2023.
“Evaluating the Clinical Outcomes of Remdesivir Among Patients Admitted With COVID-19 in a Tertiary Care Hospital,” published on November 11, 2021 in the journal Cureus; retracted on March 17, 2022.
“Evaluating the effects of air disinfectants in decontamination of COVID-19 aerosols,” published on January 10, 2023 in Health Science Reports; retracted on July 25, 2023.
“Evaluation of ferritin level in COVID-19 patients and its inflammatory response,” published on February 3, 2022 in Applied Nanoscience; retracted on November 28, 2022.
“Evaluation of rapid antibody test and chest computed tomography results of COVID-19 patients: A retrospective study,” preprint posted on February 20, 2021 in medRxiv; retracted on July 19, 2021.
“Evolving deep convolutional neutral network by hybrid sine–cosine and extreme learning machine for real-time COVID19 diagnosis from X-ray images,” published on May 10, 2021 in Soft Computing; retracted on May 29, 2023.
“Experience on radiological examinations and infection prevention for COVID-19 in radiology department,” published on March 31, 2020 in Radiology of Infectious Diseases; date of retraction is unknown.
“Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19: An Open-Label Control Study,” published in Engineering on March 18, 2020 and temporarily retracted, now back online, all without explanation. Retracted and reinstated.
“Exploring the potential effect of COVID-19 on an endangered great ape,” published on October 21, 2021 in Scientific Reports; retracted on January 25, 2022. See our coverage here.
“Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain on Recombinant B. subtilis on Spore Surface: A Potential COVID-19 Oral Vaccine Candidate,” published on December 21, 2021 in Vaccines; retracted on November 1, 2002.
“Extensive Pulmonary Embolism Following Mild COVID-19 Pneumonia,” published on January 19, 2022 in Cureus; EOC issued on April 7, 2022; retracted on January 25, 2024.
“Facemasks in the COVID-19 era: A health hypothesis,” published on November 22, 2020 in Medical Hypotheses; retracted on or about May 3, 2021. Our coverage here.
“Factores de riesgo de lesión renal aguda en adultos con covid-19,” published on October 1, 2021 in Nefrología; retracted on unknown date.
“Factors associated with insomnia among frontline nurses during COVID-19: a cross-sectional survey study,” published on January 17, 2022 in BMC Psychiatry; retracted on July 25, 2022.
“Family planning in COVID-19 times: access for all,” published on May 18, 2021 in The Lancet Global Health; retracted on June 28, 2021.
“Fatal Outcomes from COVID-19 in Diabetes Patients and its Management: Impact of Diabetes and Other Comorbidities in COVID-19,” published on August 20, 2021 in Current Diabetes Reviews; unknown date of retraction.
“Feature selection for diagnose coronavirus (COVID-19) disease by neural network and Caledonian crow learning algorithm,” published on February 7, 2022 in Applied Nanoscience; retracted on December 4, 2022.
“Filter clotting, anticoagulation and duration of sled in patients with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury,” (Abstract 112 and Abstract 643) published on February 1, 2021 in the Journal of Investigative Medicine, retracted on April 1, 2021.
“Financial reporting quality in pandemic era: case analysis of Vietnamese enterprises,” published on March 30, 2021 in the Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment; retracted on February 17, 2023.
“First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies,” published on April 7, 2020 in the Asian Journal of Psychiatry; temporary removal on unknown date, reinstated on unknown date. See our coverage here.
“First viral replication of Covid-19 identified in the peritoneal dialysis fluid,” published in Bulletin de la Dialyse à Domicile on April 13, 2020, retracted on April 20, 2020. Our coverage here.
“Forensic case-work analysis and legal challenges during pandemic: An update from Pakistan,” published in Legal Medicine in October 2020, retracted at an unclear date.
“From SARS-CoV to Wuhan 2019-nCoV Outbreak: Similarity of Early Epidemic and Prediction of Future Trends,” preprint posted on bioRxiv on January 25, 2020, withdrawn on January 28, 2020.
“Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from northwest of Iran during Covid-19 era,” published on February 22, 2022 in Gene Reports; retracted on unknown date (prior to 6/7/2022).
“Genome sequence analysis of SARS-COV-2 isolated from a COVID-19 patient in Erbil, Iraq,” published on February 7, 2022 in Applied Nanoscience; retracted on December 7, 2022.
“Genome-wide variations of SARS-CoV-2 infer evolution relationship and transmission route,” preprint posted on May 3, 2020 in medRxiv; retracted on May 8, 2020.
“Glucocorticoids Should Be Used With Caution in Patients With SARS-CoV-2,” published on February 24, 2021 in Frontiers in Medicine; retracted on May 31, 2022.
“Gradual emergence followed by exponential spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Africa,” published on December 1, 2022 in Science; retracted on December 20, 2022.
“GraphCovidNet: A graph neural network based model for detecting COVID-19 from CT scans and X-rays of chest,” published on April 15, 2021 in Scientific Reports; retracted on November 30, 2021.
“Green finance, renewable energy investments, natural resources, and sustainable economic advancements in China: evidence from pre-post COVID-pandemic,” published on August 23, 2023 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research; retracted on September 21, 2024.
“Gut microbiota and COVID-19: A systematic review,” published on January 23, 2023 in Health Science Reports; retracted on July 25, 2023.
“Heterogeneous Longitudinal Antibody Responses to Covid-19 mRNA Vaccination,” published on October 7, 2021 in Clinical Pathology; retracted on May 9, 2022.
“Holidays over: A review of actual COVID-19 school outbreaks up to September 2020,” published on October 1, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Homeopathy combat against coronavirus disease (Covid-19),” published on June 5, 2020 in the Journal of Public Health and retracted on August 3, 2020. See our coverage here and here.
“Hospital factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare personnel in Greece,” published in The Journal of Hospital Infection on October 22, 2020, “Temporary Removal” date not provided. Reinstated sometime after December 29, 2020.
“How Chemists Achieve Active Learning Online During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Using the Community of Inquiry (CoI) Framework to Support Remote Teaching,” published on July 21, 2020 in the Journal of Chemical Education; retracted on February 14, 2023.
“How Has the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Affected Breslow Thickness in Cutaneous Melanoma,” published on November 10, 2021 in Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas; retracted on unknown date due to publisher error in duplicate publication.
“How perceived threat of Covid-19 causes turnover intention among Pakistani nurses: A moderation and mediation analysis,” published on August 10, 2020 in the International Journal of Mental Health Nursing; unknown date of retraction – estimated to be February 1, 2021.
“Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression,” published in AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses on January 27, 2021, retracted on June 1, 2021.
“Hybrid harmony search algorithm for social network contact tracing of COVID-19,” published on June 28, 2021 in Soft Computing; retracted on May 29, 2023.
“Hybrid intelligent model for classifying chest X-ray images of COVID-19 patients using genetic algorithm and neutrosophic logic,” published on August 18, 2021 in Soft Computing; retracted on May 22, 2023.
“Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial,” published on March 20, 2020 in the International Journal of Microbial Agents; retracted on unknown date (html page overwrite), estimated to be December 16, 2024. More context here and here.
“Hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study,” published on August 14, 2020 in The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; EOC published October 11, 2021, retracted on September 2, 2022.
“Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis,” published in The Lancet on May 22, 2020, subjected to an expression of concern on June 2 ,and retracted on June 4.
“Hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin: a potential interest in reducing in-hospital morbidity due to COVID-19 pneumonia (HI-ZY-COVID)?” preprint posted on medRxiv, May 11, 2020, withdrawn on May 20, 2020. Our coverage here.
“Hydroxychloroquine: An Essential Drug in Dermatology and Its Controversial Use in COVID-19,” published on November 26, 2021 in Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas; retracted on unknown date from publisher error causing duplicate publication.
“Identify and measure the degree of over-prevention behaviors in the post-COVID-19 era in China,” published on September 25, 2021 in BMC Public Health; retracted on December 10, 2021.
“IgG4 related orbital/ophtalmic disease in COVID-19 after improving from critical pneumonia,” published on June 30, 2022 in the European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; retracted on June 30, 2023.
“Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Stress and Diet Adherence in Patients with Laryngopharyngeal Reflux,” published on June 1, 2023 in Maedica; retracted on September 1, 2023.
“Impact of Covid-19 on Airbnb: evidence from Vietnam,” published on March 2, 2021 in the Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment; retracted on February 17, 2023.
“Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on franchise performance from franchisee perspectives: the role of entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation and franchisor support,” published on March 5, 2021 in the Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment; retracted on February 17, 2023.
“Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on vaccination coverage of children and ‎adolescents: A systematic review,” published on February 2, 2022 in Health Science Reports; retracted on July 26, 2023.
“Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on total market trade value (institutional investors vs non-institutional investors),” published on March 29, 2021 in the Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment; retracted on February 17, 2023.
“Impact of daily high dose oral vitamin D therapy on the inflammatory markers in patients with COVID 19 disease,” published on May 20, 2021 in Scientific Reports and corrected on August 30, 2021; retracted on April 20, 2022.
“Impact of lockdown and health anxiety during COVID 19 pandemic among inpatients of a psychiatric hospital: an observational study,” published on November 10, 2020 in the Asian Journal of Psychiatry; unknown date of retraction.
“Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Stroke Epidemiology and Clinical Stroke Practice in the US,” published on January 26, 2021 in the Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases; retracted on July 10, 2021.
“Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on China’s tourism economy and green finance efficiency,” published on February 14, 2023 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research; retracted on July 1, 2024.
“Impact of the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and interventions to contain the virus on society and patients with kidney disease in Cambodia,” published on October 9, 2021 in Renal Replacement Therapy; retracted on June 15, 2022.
“Impacts of social distancing on cancer care during COVID-19 pandemic: Hong Kong experience,” published on June 29, 2020 in Palliative & Supportive Care; retracted on August 20, 2021.
“Implementation of a telemedicine service during COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan,” published on May 1, 2021 in the International Journal of Clinical Practice; retracted on October 12, 2021.
“Implications of Spike-glycoprotein processing at S1/S2 by Furin, at S2’ by Furin and/or TMPRSS2 and shedding of ACE2: cell-to-cell fusion, cell entry and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2,” preprint posted on in bioRxiv; retracted on July 15, 2021.
“Improved policy mechanisms for the promotion of future digital business economy during covid-19 pandemic,” published on April 21, 2021 in Electronic Commerce Research; retracted on April 8, 2024.
“Incidence and affecting factors of pulmonary diffusing capacity impairment with COVID-19 survivors 18 months after discharge in Wuhan, China,” published on January 2, 2022 in the Journal of Infection; retracted on an unknown date for publisher error of duplicate publication.
“Incidence and mortality of COVID-19 in Iranian multiple sclerosis patients treated with disease-modifying therapies,” published September 15, 2020 in Revue Neurologique and retracted on October 8, 2020.
“Increased Age-Adjusted Cancer Mortality After the Third mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccine Dose During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan,” published on April 8, 2024 in Cureus; EOC issued on June 12, 2024 and retracted on June 26, 2024.
“Increased nurses’ anxiety disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak,” published on April 10, 2022 in Brain and Behavior; retracted on August 24, 2023.
“India perspective: CNN-LSTM hybrid deep learning model-based COVID-19 prediction and current status of medical resource availability,” published on November 19, 2021 in Soft Computing; retracted on May 22, 2023.
“Integrating Big Data and Assistive Technology to Improve College Students’ Public Mental Health Quality During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” published on August 31, 2023 in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders; retracted on February 23, 2024.
“Internet of Things Based Intelligent Transportation of Food Products During COVID,” published on August 21, 2021 in Wireless Personal Communications; retracted on December 9, 2022.
“Internet of things in the management of chronic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review,” published on March 14, 2022 in Health Science Reports; retracted on July 26, 2023.
“Intersectionality and Inequalities in Medical Risk for Severe COVID-19 in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging,” published September 24, 2020 in The Gerontologist, retracted January 22, 2021.
“Intracranial Hemorrhage in COVID-19 Patients on ECMO: Challenges and Future Directions,” published on June 6, 2020 in the Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia; retraction date is unknown.
“Introducing special cutaneous “sign” tribute to healthcare workers managing new coronavirus disease (Covid -19),” published on April 20, 2020 in Clinics in Dermatology; retracted on an unknown date as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“Investigation and analysis of cognitive function and psychological status in stroke patients with COVID-19,” published on July 14, 2022 in the Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases; retracted on unknown date.
“IoT-Based Technological Framework for Inhibiting the Spread of COVID-19: A Pandemic Using Machine Learning and Fuzzy-Based Processes,” published on July 1, 2022 in Security and Communication Networks; retracted on July 12, 2023.
“IoT-Enabled Framework for Early Detection and Prediction of COVID-19 Suspects by Leveraging Machine Learning in Cloud,” published on April 12, 2022 in the Journal of Healthcare Engineering; retracted on May 24, 2023.
“Is vitamin D deficiency associated with the COVID-19 epidemic in Europe,” preprint posted on January 29, 2021 in medRxiv; retracted on March 6, 2021.
“It is time to control the worst: testing COVID-19 outbreak, energy consumption and CO2 emission,” published on November 12, 2020 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research; retracted on July 3, 2024.
Ivermectin and the odds of hospitalization due to COVID-19: evidence from a quasi-experimental analysis based on a public intervention in Mexico City, preprint posted on May 4, 2021 in OSF Preprints; retracted on February 4, 2022. See our covereage here.
“Ivermectin in COVID-19 Related Critical Illness,” preprint posted in April 2020 on SSRN: Social Science Resource Network, retracted sometime in May. Reporting from The Scientist here.
“Letter to editor in response to COVID-19: From bench to bedside by Singh A et al,” published on June 12, 2020 in Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. Retracted on September 11, 2020 as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“Listerial Meningitis and Brain Abscess With Coexisting COVID-19 Infection in a Young, Immunocompetent Male: A Case Report,” published on September 22, 2022 in Cureus; retracted on June 5, 2023.
“Liver impairment associated with disease progression in COVID‐19 patients,” published April 15, 2020 in Liver International and retracted in August/September 2020.
“Long Covid: quantitative and qualitative analyses of online Long Haulers’ experiences, emotions and practices in the UK,” preprint posted on October 4, 2020 in medRxiv; retracted on November 16, 2020.
“Lung disease severity, Coronary Artery Calcium, Coronary inflammation and Mortality in Coronavirus Disease 2019.” medRxiv preprint posted May 6, 2020 and withdrawn June 20, 2020.
“Lung ultrasound score in establishing the timing of intubation in COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia: A preliminary retrospective observational study,” published in PLOS ONE on September 3, 2020; Expression of concern published in PLOS ONE on November 30, 2020; retracted December 31, 2020. Our coverage here.
“Macroeconomic lockdown effects of COVID-19 on small business in China: empirical insights from SEM technique,” published on April 22, 2022 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research; retracted on July 18, 2024.
“Magnitude and associated factors of mortality among patients admitted with COVID-19 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,” published on August 17, 2023 in PLoS Global Public Health; retracted on May 16, 2024.
“Malta tourism losses due to second wave of COVID-19,” published on October 1, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021.
“Managing college operations during the coronavirus outbreak,” published April 10, 2020 in Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, date of retraction unknown.
“Manufacturing Is Not as Usual: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 Pandemic,” published on November 2, 2021 in ICEM 2020: Recent Advances in Industrial Production; retracted on May 11, 2023.
“Measures of Adiposity and Risk of Testing Positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the UK Biobank Study,” published on January 27, 2021 in the Journal of Obesity; retracted on March 18, 2022.
“Mechanical ventilation in COVID-19: Is it due to patient or virology factors,” published on June 14, 2020 in the Annals of Medicine and Surgery; date of retraction is unknown.
“Medicine Distribution Robot and Human Less Intervention for Covid-19 Affected People (AKM MED ASSISTIVE BOT),” published on January 18, 2021 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; retracted on July 26, 2023..
“MEGA: Machine Learning-Enhanced Graph Analytics for COVID-19 Infodemic Control,” preprint posted on October 27, 2020 in medRxiv; retracted on July 8, 2021.
“Mental health burden for the public affected by the COVID-19 outbreak in China: Who will be the high-risk group?,” published April 14, 2020 in Psychology, Health & Medicine and retracted on October 23, 2020. Our coverage here.
“Mental Health Identification of Children and Young Adults in a Pandemic Using Machine Learning Classifiers,” published on July 28, 2022 in Frontiers in Psychology; retracted on July 11, 2024.
“Mental health problems among front-line healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients in Vietnam: a mixed methods study,” published on April 14, 2022 in Frontiers in Psychology; retracted on February 6, 2024.
“Mental Health outcome and Professional quality of Life among Healthcare Worker during COVID-19 pandemic: A (FRONTLINE-COVID) survey,” published January 6, 2021 in the Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique; unknown date of retraction.
“Mental health status and coping strategy of medical workers in China during The COVID-19 outbreak,” preprint posted on medRxiv on February 25, 2020, withdrawn on March 7, 2020.
“Mesenteric Panniculitis and COVID-19: A Rare Association,” published on January 17, 2022 in Cureus; EOC issued on April 7 2022; retracted on January 25, 2024.
“Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials of Ivermectin to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Infection,” published on July 6, 2021 in Open Forum Infectious Diseases; retracted on February 5, 2022; EoC published August 9, 2021. Our coverage here.
“Methylene blue photochemical treatment as a reliable SARS-CoV-2 plasma virus inactivation method for blood safety and convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19,” published on April 16, 2021 in BMC Infectious Diseases; EOC issued on May 6, 2021; retracted on July 9, 2021. Our coverage here.
“Microbiome-Based Hypothesis on Ivermectin’s Mechanism in COVID-19: Ivermectin Feeds Bifidobacteria to Boost Immunity,” published on July 11, 2022 in Frontiers in Microbiology; EOC issued on January 5, 2023; retracted on May 3, 2023.
“Modeling the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 immunity waning, antigenic drifting, and population serology patterns,” preprint posted on September 11, 2020 in medRxiv; retracted on October 11, 2020.
“Modeling the progression of COVID-19 deaths using Kalman Filter and AutoML,” published on January 5, 2021 in Soft Computing; retracted on June 8, 2023.
“Moderating role of compassion in the link between fear of Coronavirus disease and mental health among undergraduate students,” published on September 6, 2022 in Frontiers in Psychiatry; retracted on September 4, 2023.
“Molecular dynamics performance for coronavirus simulation by C, N, O, and S atoms implementation dreiding force field: drug delivery atomic interaction in contact with metallic Fe, Al, and steel,” published on November 17, 2020 in Computational Particle Mechanics; retracted on May 6, 2024.
“Mortality of a pregnant patient diagnosed with COVID-19: A case report with clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings,” published in Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease on April 11, 2020, retracted on May 2, 2020. Our coverage here.
“mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination and Development of CMR-confirmed Myopericarditis,” preprint published on September 16, 2021 in medRxiv; retracted on September 24, 2021.
“mRNA Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19 Disease and Reported Allergic Reactions: Current Evidence and Approach,” published December 31, 2020 in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. Temporary Removal published on unknown date; reinstated on unknown date.
“Mucormycosisco-infection in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review,” published on February 28, 2022 in Health Science Reports; retracted on July 26, 2023.
“Needed: Less influenza vaccine hesitancy and less presenteeism among health care workers in the COVID-19 era,” published on October 1, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: A potential gate to the determinants of a poor prognosis,” published on April 25, 2022 in Brain and Behavior; retracted on August 4, 2023.
“Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio—A marker of COVID-19 pneumonia severity,” published on September 6, 2020 in the International Journal of Clinical Practice; retracted on October 12, 2021.
“No Deleterious Effect of Lockdown Due to COVID-19 Pandemic on Glycaemic Control, Measured by Glucose Monitoring, in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes,” published on May 12, 2020 in Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, retracted July 27, 2020. Our coverage here.
“Noninvasive versus invasive ventilation: one modality cannot fit all during COVID-19 outbreak,” published on July 8, 2020 in the Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, retracted on September 14, 2020. Our coverage here.
“Noteworthy Neurological Manifestations Associated With COVID-19 Infection,” published on July 3, 2020 in Cureus, retracted on March 5, 2021.
“Novel research opportunities: an unfortunate small silver lining to COVID-19,” published on October 2, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted on sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Novel research opportunities 2: An unfortunate small silver lining to COVID-19,” published on November 12, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Nurses reports of actual work hours and preferred work hours per shift among frontline nurses during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic: A cross-sectional survey,” published on May 16, 2020 in the International Journal of Nursing Studies; date of retraction is unknown.
“Obesity and mortality of COVID-19. Meta-analysis,” published on July 9, 2020 in Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, retracted February 6, 2021.
“Occupational Stress and Insomnia Symptoms Among Nurses During the Outbreak of COVID-19 in China: The Chain Mediating Effect of Perceived Organizational Support and Psychological Capital,” published July 6, 2022 in Frontiers in Psychiatry; retracted on May 23, 2024.
“One of COVID-19’s many costs: Malta’s expenditure in consumables and non-consumables, a population-based study,” published on October 1, 2021 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Online Language Teaching During Coronavirus,” published in conference proceedings on August 19, 2021 in ICIMTECH 21: The Sixth International Conference on Information Management and Technology; retracted on August 24, 2022
“Optimization model design of cross-border e-commerce transportation path under the background of prevention and control of COVID-19 pneumonia,” published on March 5, 2021 in Soft Computing; retracted on December 27, 2022.
“Original Antigenic Sin in COVID-19: Hoskins Effect and Vaccine,” published on March 17, 2022 in Infectious Disorders – Drug Targets; retracted on unknown date.
“Our Elderly’s Mental Health in Times of COVID-19,” published January 2021 in the Open Journal of Social Sciences; retracted on January 20, 2021.
“Patterns of COVID-19 Mortality and Vitamin D: An Indonesian Study,” preprint posted on April 30, 2020 in SSRN: Social Science Resource Network. Retraction date unknown. (Hat tip to HealthNerd)
“‘People Will Continue to Suffer If the Virus Is Around’: A Qualitative Analysis of Sub-Saharan African Children’s Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic,” published on June 4, 2021 in Health Psychology Research; retracted on June 15, 2023.
“Personal respirators for population level control of the COVID19 pandemic,” published on May 6, 2020 in the Journal of Infection; date of retraction is unknown. Retracted as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“Phenotype and outcomes of acute kidney injury associated with COVID-19,” (Abstract 113 and Abstract 445) published on February 1, 2021 in the Journal of Investigative Medicine; retracted on April 1, 2021.
“Phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage suggest a single origin followed by multiple exportation events versus convergent evolution,” preprint posted on January 13, 2021in bioRxiv; retracted on January 15, 2021.
“Phytotherapeutic options for the treatment of COVID‐19: A concise viewpoint,” published on August 20, 2020 in Phytotherapy Research; retracted on December 30, 2020.
“Picture fuzzy set-based decision-making approach using Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence and grey relation analysis and its application in COVID-19 medicine selection,” published on June 5, 2021 in Soft Computing; retracted on May 29, 2023.
“Post COVID-19 Psychological Impacts on Recovered Teachers Working in Different Level of Educational Institutions of District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan,” published on March 27, 2022 in the Journal of Applied Health Sciences and Medicine; retracted on October 2, 2022.
“Post-acute (long) COVID-19 quality of life: validation of the German version of (PAC19QoL) instrument,” published on June 30, 2023 in Frontiers in Public Health; retracted on October 13, 2023.
“Post–COVID-19 Condition in Children,” published on September 18, 2023 in JAMA; retracted on August 19, 2024.
“Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: A Rare Complication in COVID-19,” published on October 1, 2021 in Cureus; EOC issued on April 7, 2022; retracted on January 25, 2024.
“Potential False-Positive Rate Among the ‘Asymptomatic Infected Individuals’ in Close Contacts of COVID-19 Patients,” published March 5, 2020 in the Chinese Journal of Epidemiology and retracted a few days later. More context here.
“Potential of antiviral peptide-based SARS-CoV-2 inactivators to combat COVID-19,” published on June 3, 2022 in PLoS ONE; retracted on August 21, 2022.
“Potential risk for developing severe COVID-19 disease among anabolic steroid users,” published on February 26, 2021 in BMJ Case Reports; corrected on November 2, 2023; retracted on November 9, 2023.
“Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Germany: a cross-sectional, population-based study,” published on February 3, 2022 in the Postgraduate Medical Journal; retracted on September 29, 2023.
“Prenatal and neonatal complications of COVID-19: A systematic review,” published on February 15, 2022 in Health Science Reports; retracted on July 26, 2023.
“Presence of viral spike protein and vaccinal spike protein in the blood serum of patients with long-COVID syndrome,” published on December 1, 2023 in the European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences; EOC issued on Janaury 31, 2024; retracted on March 31, 2024.
“Proposal for Initiative of Evidence-based Treatment of COVID-19 Patients with Worsening Hypoxia,” published on October 7, 2020 in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; date of retraction unknown.
“Protecting the Rights of Minorities under International Law and Implications of COVID-19: An Overview of the Indian Context,” published on March 23, 2021 in Laws; retracted on August 9, 2024.
“Proxalutamide Reduces the Rate of Hospitalization for COVID-19 Male Outpatients: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial,” published on July 19, 2021 in Frontiers in Medicine; EOC issued January 17, 2022; retracted on June 8, 2022.
“PSCNN: PatchShuffle Convolutional Neural Network for COVID-19 Explainable Diagnosis,” published on October 29, 2021 in Frontiers in Public Health; retracted on January 3, 2024.
“Psychiatric Predictors of COVID-19 Outcomes in a Skilled Nursing Facility Cohort” medRxiv preprint posted May 26, 2020, and withdrawn June 21, 2020.
“Psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic: Perceived stress, anxiety, work–family imbalance, and coping strategies among healthcare professionals in Khartoum state hospitals, Sudan, 2021,” published on August 1, 2021 in Brain and Behavior; retracted on August 4, 2023.
“Psychosis: A Presentation of COVID-19,” published on June 12, 2020 in Psychosomatics; date of retraction is unknown.
“Psychosis in Older Adults During COVID-19 Pandemic: Patterns of Referral to a Geriatric Psychiatry Clinic,” published March 16, 2021 in the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry; retracted on unknown date.
“Psychotherapy and Follow-Up in Health Care Workers After the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Single Center’s Experience,” published on August 18, 2022 in Psychology Research and Behavior Management; retracted on November 22, 2022.
“Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Case-Control Study,” published on October 19, 2021 in Cureus; EOC issued on April 7, 2022; retracted on June 26, 2023.
“QFFT quantum circuits for exact solutions of the black-hole singularity-mass schrödinger equations on quantum kerr- (A) ds galilean myers– perr driven gravitational transformations in a lorentzian path integral for the anti-COVID-19 roccuffirnatm, roccuttirnaTM, and eplerotiffirnaTM drug designs,” published on September 26, 2022 in Cogent Engineering; retracted on February 3, 2023.
“Racial Disparity Amongst Stroke Patients During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic,” published on September 10, 2020 in Cureus; retracted on January 13, 2021.
“Rationale and Criteria for a COVID-19 Model Framework,” published on July 6, 2021 in Viruses; retracted on July 29, 2021.
“Re: How the adverse effect counting window affected vaccine safety calculations in randomised trials of COVID-19 vaccines,” published on February 26, 2024 in the Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice; retracted on May 27, 2024.
“Real World Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines against Hospitalizations and Deaths in the United States,” preprint posted on April 23, 2021 in medRxiv; retracted on August 31, 2021.
”Recovering with nature’: A review of ecotherapy and implications for the COVID-19 pandemic,” published on December 10, 2020 in Frontiers in Public Health; retracted on January 4, 2023.
“Recruitment of pregnant women to randomised trials of COVID 19 treatments, and pharmaceutical treatments received outside such trials: A research article,” published on September 9, 2022 in the European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology; retracted on unknown date as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“Relationship Between Acute Stress Responses and Quality of Life in Chinese Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Outbreak,” published on March 15, 2021 in Frontiers in Psychology; retracted on November 24, 2024.
“Remdesivir Efficacy in COVID-19 Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” published on September 10, 2021 in The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; retracted on September 2, 2022.
“Remission of Subacute Psychosis in a COVID-19 Patient With an Antineuronal Autoantibody After Treatment With Intravenous Immunoglobulin,” published on April 12, 2021 in Biological Psychiatry; retracted on August 22, 2022.
“Reply to ‘COVID-19 and smoking: An opportunity to quit…when vaccinated!‘” published on November 2, 2021 in Archivos de Bronconeumología; retracted on an unknown date for publisher error causing duplicate publication.
“Research on the evolution of urban design from the perspective of public health under the background of the COVID-19,” published on February 27, 2021 in The International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education; retracted on December 15, 2021.
“Resilient to Crises: How Cooperatives Are Adapting Sustainably to Overcome COVID-19-induced Challenges,” published on March 15, 2021 in the International Journal of Rural Management; retracted on August 30, 2021.
“Reply to ‘Smoker, Former Smoker and COVID-19: Nicotine Does Not Protect Against SARS-CoV-2‘,” published on March 16, 2021 in Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition); retracted on unknown date.
“ResNet:A convolutional Neural Network for detecting and diagnosing of coronavirus pneumonia,” published on December 12, 2020 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; retracted on November 18, 2022.
“Review of the Emerging Evidence Demonstrating the Efficacy of Ivermectin in the Prophylaxis & Treatment of COVID-19,” published as an abstract at Frontiers in Pharmacology in January 2021, removed without a notice by March 1, 2021. Coverage by The Scientist here.
“Role of methyle blue in the management of mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 disease,” published on February 16, 2022 in the Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care; retracted on October 31, 2022.
“Saddle Aortic Embolism Following Recovery From Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia,” published on September 18, 2021 in Cureus; EOC published on April 7, 2022 ; retracted on January 25, 2024. See our coverage here and here.
“Safe school reopening under COVID-19 restrictions – Measures implemented in San Andrea independent school in Malta,” published on October 1, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Safety and efficacy of favipiravir versus hydroxychloroquine in management of COVID-19: A randomised controlled trial,” published on March 31, 2021 in Scientific Reports; retracted on September 18, 2021.
“Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant receptor-binding domain-based protein subunit vaccine (Noora vaccine™) against COVID-19 in adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 1 trial,” published on August 27, 2022 in the Journal of Medical Virology; retracted on March 2, 2024.
“SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion,” published in Cellular & Molecular Immunology April 7, 2020, EOC issued June 15, 2020; retracted July 10, 2020. Our coverage here.
“SARS–CoV–2 Spike Impairs DNA Damage Repair and Inhibits V(D)J Recombination In Vitro,” published in Viruses on October 13, 2021; EoC published December 22, 2021; retracted on May 10, 2022. See our coverage here.
“SARS-CoV-2 Spike-like Pigmented Peripheral Structures: A Dermoscopic Finding in Dysplastic Nevi and Incipient Melanomas,” published on November 10, 2021; retracted on unknown date.
“SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Antibody Testing in Immunosuppressed Populations: You Can’t Tell the Players Without a Scorecard“, published on June 30, 2021 in Transplantation; retracted and replaced around August 21, 2021. Retracted and reinstated.
“SARS-CoV-2 was Unexpectedly Deadlier than Push-scooters: Could Hydroxychloroquine be the Unique Solution?” published on August 15, 2020 in Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, retracted August 16, 2020. Our coverage here.
“SARS-CoV-19’s actual initial cases in Wuhan, China and the impact of different interventions and imports in the pandemic,” published on March 24, 2021 in the 2021 5th International Conference on Advances in Energy, Environment and Chemical Science (AEECS 2021); retracted on October 21, 2021.
“SCLAVOEM: hyper parameter optimization approach to predictive modelling of COVID-19 infodemic tweets using smote and classifier vote ensemble,” published on March 15, 2022 in Soft Computing; retracted on August 7, 2024.
“Sclerosing Encapsulating Peritonitis Following Recovery From COVID-19 Pneumonia,” published on November 6, 20021 in Cureus; EOC issued on April 7, 2022; retracted on January 5, 2024.
“Seeding of outbreaks of COVID-19 by contaminated fresh and frozen food,” preprint published on August 18, 2020 in bioRxiv; retracted on March 13, 2021.
“Selenium-associated gene signatures within the SARS-CoV-2-host genomic interaction interface,” published on July 15, 2020 in Free Radical Biology & Medicine; date of retraction is unknown.
“Serum level estimation of some biomarkers in diabetic and non-diabetic COVID-19 infected patients,” published on February 3, 2022 in Applied Nanoscience; retracted on December 22, 2022.
“Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection Mimicking as Pulmonary Tuberculosis in an Inmate,” published on June 5, 2020 in Cureus; retracted on August 31, 2021.
“Severe Dengue With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Due to COVID-19: A Co-infection Case Series,” published on November 12, 2021 in Cureus; retracted on November 16, 2021.
“Sexting During Social Isolation: Predicting Sexting-Related Privacy Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” published on August 24, 2021 in Cyberpsychology; retracted on January 26, 2023.
“Sharp decline in acute and elective hospital attendances and admissions due to COVID-19 in Malta (Q1 2020) – A population-based study,” published on November 12, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Short-term exposure of the mayfly larvae (Cloeon dipterum, Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) to SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides and other emerging pollutants: A new threat for the aquatic environments,” published on August 3, 2022 in the Science of The Total Environment; retracted on unknown date.
“Simulation of Real-time Medicine suggestion box for COVID Screening,” conference abstract published on March 24, 2021 in Journal of Physics: Conference Series; retracted on August 11, 2023.
“Smoking Prevalence is Low in Symptomatic Patients Admitted for COVID-19.” medRxiv preprint posted May 10, 2020 and withdrawn June 13, 2020.
“Some health effects of global warming,” published on October 1, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Spontaneous Abortions and Policies on COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Use During Pregnancy,” published in November 2021 in Science, Public Health Policy, and the Law; retracted on unknown date. See our coverage here.
“Sports and sportsmen as role models – or otherwise – in the COVID-19 era,” published on November 12, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Stay-at-home policy is a case of exception fallacy: an internet-based ecological study,” published on March 5, 2021 in Scientific Reports; EOC issued March 11, 2021; retracted on December 14, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Student acceptance of intelligent tutoring systems during COVID-19: The effect of political influence,” published on March 27, 2021 in the International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Engineering; EOC issued on December 15, 2021; retracted on November 1, 2023.
“Study to compare the effect of casirivimab and imdevimab, remdesivir, and favipiravir on progression and multi-organ function of hospitalized COVID-19 patients,” published on August 9, 2023 in Open Medicine; retracted on November 10, 2023.
“Subsegmental Thrombus in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Immuno-Thrombosis or Pulmonary Embolism? Data Analysis of Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease,” published on August 24, 2020 in Heart, Lung and Circulation; retraction date is unknown.
“Superior Mesenteric Artery Thrombosis Following Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia,” published on November 28, 2021 in Cureus; EOC issued on April 7, 2022; retracted on January 25, 2024.
“Supply chains and COVID-19: impacts, countermeasures and post-COVID-19 era,” published on September 14, 2021 in The International Journal of Logistics Management; retracted on unknown date.
“Sustainable financial dimensions of managing poverty in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: A developing country perspective,” published on September 8, 2022 in Frontiers in Environmnetal Science; retracted on September 4, 2023.
“Sustainable impact of COVID-19 on education projects: aspects of naturalism,” published on May 14, 2022 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research; retracted on July 8, 2024.
“Taste loss as a distinct symptom of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” published on February 16, 2022 in Chemical Senses; EOC issued on June 21, 2023; retracted and replaced on December 15, 2023.
“Teaching Chemical Engineering to Biotechnology students in the time of COVID-19: Assessment of the adaptation to digitalization,” published on November 20, 2020 in Education for Chemical Engineers; retracted on April 15, 2021 for duplicate publication by journal error.
“Technology targeting immunocompromised patients for COVID-19 vaccine in community pharmacies,” published on October 18, 2022 in Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy; retracted on unknown date.
“Telehealth for COVID-19: A Conceptual Framework,” published on February 7, 2023 in the Journal of Healthcare Engineering; retracted on November 29, 2023.
“Temporal relation between second dose BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine and cardiac involvement in a patient with previous SARS-COV-2 infection,” published on April 5, 2021 in the IJC Heart & Vasculature; retracted on unknown date due to duplicate publication by journal error.
“The anti-vaccination infodemic on social media: A behavioral analysis,” published on March 3, 2021 in PLoS One; retracted on December 22, 2022.
“The association of COVID-19 pandemic stress with health-related quality of life in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional analytical study,” published on March 5, 2021 in Frontiers in Public Health; retracted on September 4, 2023.
“The Consequences of COVID-19 on Breast Cancer Screenings in an Underserved Urban Population and the Screening Access of Value for Essex Program’s Efforts to Control the Damage,” published on July 23, 2023 in Cureus; retracted on September 8, 2023.
“The contribution of Amil Zakat, Infaq and Shadaqah Muhammadiyah (LAZISMU) institutions in handling the impact of Covid-19,” published on February 25, 2021 in the Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investments; retracted on February 17, 2023.
“The COVID-19 fear, anxiety, and resilience among emergency nurses,” published on September 2, 2022 in Frontiers in Psychology; retracted on September 4, 2023.
“The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on environment: the case of the major cities in Pakistan,” published on May 20, 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research; retracted on March 13, 2024.
“The early cryptic transmission and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in human hosts,” preprint posted on November 17, 2020 in SSRN: Social Science Resource Network, withdrawn at an unknown date. Coverage in the media here.
“The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic Related Interruption on Nursing Homes and Facilities for the Disabled Visit Dental Treatment,” published on March 31, 2021 in Ronen Shika Igaku; retracted on November 12, 2021.
“The Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on Reducing the Risk of Infection, Hospitalization, and Death in Isfahan Province, Iran,” published in January 2022 in the Iranian Journal of Public Health; retracted on February 1, 2022.
“The Effect of Introducing Infographic Pattern on Developing Cognitive Understanding by Using AI Technology for University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic,” published October 25, 2021 in Journal of Healthcare Engineering; retracted on May 24, 2023.
“The effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing relaxation training for improving sleep quality among nursing staff during the COVID-19 outbreak: a before and after study,” published on October 7, 2020 in Sleep Medicine. Retracted on December 5, 2020 as a duplicate publication by journal error.
“The estimated impact of the COVID-19 epidemic in the general population of France,” preprint posted on May 26, 2020 in medRxiv; retracted on June 8, 2020.
“The Evolution Model of Public Risk Perception Based on Pandemic Spreading Theory under Perspective of COVID-19,” published on November 29, 2021 in Complexity; retracted on August 16, 2023.
“The Exponentiated Exponential-Inverse Weibull Model: Theory and Application to COVID-19 Data in Saudi Arabia,” published on March 22, 2022 in the Journal of Mathematics; retracted on January 24, 2024.
“The Impact of Charlson Comorbidity Index on Mortality From SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection,” published on November 27, 2021 in the journal Cureus; retracted on March 17, 2022.
“The impact of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in tourism industry: evidence of Kosovo during Q1, Q2 and Q3 period of 2020,” published on February 25, 2023 in the Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment; retracted on February 17, 2023.
“The Impact of the Coronavirus on the US Economy Based On the Simple Linear Regression Model,” published in conference proceedings on August 19, 2021 in ICIMTECH 21: The Sixth International Conference on Information Management and Technology; retracted on August 24, 2022.
“The mechanisms of action of Ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2: An evidence-based clinical review article,” published on June 15, 2021 in The Journal of Antibiotics; unknown date of retraction.
“The Path Analysis of the Influence of Anxiety, Job Burnout and Self-efficacy on Well-being——Take the Sample of College English Teachers under the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia,” published in conference proceedings on August 19, 2021 in ICIMTECH 21: The Sixth International Conference on Information Management and Technology; retracted on August 24, 2022.
“The pathogenicity of COVID-19 and the role of pentraxin-3: An updated review study,” published on September 15, 2022 in Pathology – Research and Practice; retracted on October 3, 2023.
“The prediction of the lifetime of the new coronavirus in the USA using mathematical models,” published on March 10, 2021 in Soft Computing; retracted on November 30 2022.
“The Race to Herd Immunity: Results from a Large-Scale Study,” preprint posted on April 2, 2021 in SSRN: Social Science Resource Network, retracted on unknown date without notice.
“The relationship between C-reactive protein and levels of various cytokines in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and correlation analysis,” published on October 7, 2022 in Health Science Reports; retracted on July 25, 2023.
“The role of HIV infection in the clinical spectrum of COVID-19: a population-based cohort analysis based on US National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Enclave data,” preprint posted on June 6, 2021 in medRxiv; retracted on June 24, 2021.
“The role of social circle COVID-19 illness and vaccination experiences in COVID-19 vaccination decisions: an online survey of the United States population,” published on January 24, 2023 in BMC Infectious Diseases; retracted on April 11, 2023.
“The role of temperature on the global spread of COVID-19 and urgent solutions,” published on November 19, 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology; retracted and removed from website on July 7, 2021.
“The Role of the Vascular Niche in Organ Fibrosis and COVID-19-Related Organ Damage and the Countermeasures adopted by Chinese and Western Medicine,” published on March 29, 2022 in Pharmacological Research – Modern Chinese Medicine; retracted on an unknown date.
“The Role of Vitamin D in Suppressing Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients and Associated Mortality,” preprint posted on April 10, 2020 in medRxiv; withdrawn on April 15, 2020. Reinstated on unknown date.
“The Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations—We Should Rethink the Policy,” published June 24, 2021, in Vaccines; EOC issued June 28, 2021; retracted July 2, 2021. See our coverage here.
“The Spanish Flu, COVID-19 and Malta’s reactions: Contrasts and similarities,” published on November 12, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“The way in which COVID-19 changed behaviour on social media in Malta,” published on November 12, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Theoretical novel COVID-19 vaccination risk of rare and severe adverse events versus COVID-19 mortality,” published on October 1, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Thoughts on innovation and entrepreneurship mode reform of college students in the context of COVID-19,” published on January 20, 2021 in the International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education; EOC issued on December 15, 2021; retracted on November 1, 2023.
“Toxicity assessment of SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides in combination with a mix of pollutants on zebrafish adults: A perspective study of behavioral, biometric, mutagenic, and biochemical toxicity,” published on November 4 2022 in the Science of The Total Environment; retracted on November 26, 2024.
“Toxicity of spike fragments SARS-CoV-2 S protein for zebrafish: A tool to study its hazardous for human health?” published on December 21, 202`1 in the Science of The Total Environment; retracted on unknown date, as html page was simply overwritten.
“To wear or not to wear? Adherence to face mask use during the COVID-19 and Spanish influenza pandemics,” published on November 12, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Tracking COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and logistical challenges: A machine learning approach,” published on June 2, 2021 in Plos One; retracted on July 22, 2021.
“Treatment Response to Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, and Antibiotics for Moderate COVID 19: A First Report on the Pharmacological Outcomes from South Korea” preprint posted May 18, 2020 in medRxiv, and withdrawn June 14, 2020.
“Treatment with Ivermectin Is Associated with Decreased Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: Analysis of a National Federated Database,” published on February 28, 2022 in International Journal of Infectious Diseases,” retracted sometime close to June 1, 2022. Our coverage here.
“Trends in Mental Health Symptoms, Service Use, and Unmet Need for Services among US Adults through the First Nine Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic,” published in Translational Behavioral Medicine on April 5, 2021; EOC published June 11, 2021; retracted on May 5, 2022.
“Trends in Suicide Attempts and Suicides Over Fifteen Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Data From a Primary Care Surveillance Network in France,” preprint posted November 29, 2021 in Preprints with The Lancet; retracted on unknown date.
“Uncanny similarity of unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag,” preprint posted January 31, 2020 in bioRxiv and withdrawn February 2, 2020. More context here.
“Understanding the Relationship between Perceived Stress and Academic Motivation in College Students during the Coronavirus Pandemic,” published on December 10, 2021 in the International Journal of Educational Research Open; retracted on unknown date.
“Unknown unknowns – COVID-19 and potential global mortality,” published on March 31, 2020 in Early Human Development, retracted on June 11, 2021. More context here.
“Use of Antimicrobial Peptides Against SARS-CoV-2: Today is the Future,” published on January 20, 2021 in Infectious Microbes & Diseases; retracted on March 1, 2021.
“Use of ivermectin in the treatment of Covid-19: A pilot trial,” published on March 9, 2021 in Toxicology Reports; retracted on May 2, 2022. See our coverage here.
“Use of Post-Mortem Computed Tomography During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Malaysian Experience,” published on October 28, 2022 in The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences; retracted on January 18, 2023.
“Usefulness of Ivermectin in COVID-19 Illness,” preprint posted on April 19, 2020 on SSRN: Social Science Resource Network, retracted sometime thereafter.
“Utilizing of (Zinc Oxide Nano-Spray) for Disinfection against “SARS-CoV-2” and Testing Its Biological Effectiveness on Some Biochemical Parameters during (COVID-19 Pandemic)—”ZnO Nanoparticles Have Antiviral Activity against (SARS-CoV-2)”,” published on March 29, 2021 in the journal Coatings; EOC published on September 15, 2021, retracted on August 16, 2022.
“Vaccination of multiple sclerosis patients during the COVID-19 era: Novel insights into vaccine safety and immunogenicity,” published on October 8, 2022 in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders; retracted on unknown date.
“Vaccine hesitancy among Maltese Healthcare workers toward influenza and novel COVID-19 vaccination,” published on October 1, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted on sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Vaccine hesitancy in Maltese family physicians and their trainees vis-à-vis influenza and novel COVID-19 vaccination,” published on November 12, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Vaccine hesitancy in the University of Malta Faculties of Health Sciences, Dentistry and Medicine vis-à-vis influenza and novel COVID-19 vaccination,” published on November 12, 2020 in Early Human Development; retracted sometime in March, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Vitamin D Level of Mild and Severe Elderly Cases of COVID-19: A Preliminary Report,” preprint posted on May 5, 2020 in SSRN: Social Science Resource Network; unknown date of retraction.
“Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection,” published on October 14, 2020 in PLoS One; EOC issued on October 14, 2020, retracted on June 6, 2024. Our coverage here.
“Vitamin D supplementation could possibly improve clinical outcomes of patients infected with Coronavirus-2019 (COVID2019),” preprint posted on April 9, 2020 in SSRN: Social Science Resource Network; unknown date of retraction.
“Vitritis and Outer Retinal Abnormalities in a Patient with COVID-19,” published on October 6, 2020 in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation; retracted on October 7, 2021.
“‘We were on our knees long before COVID’: How healthcare workers experienced the compassionate care model during COVID-19,” published on May 24, 2022 in Counselling & Psychotherapy Research; retracted on unknown date.
“Weather indicators and improving air quality in association with COVID-19 pandemic in India,” published on July 13, 2021 in Soft Computing; retracted on May 29, 2023.
“‘Weighty woes’: Impact of fat talk and social influences on body dissatisfaction among Indian women during the pandemic,” published on February 4, 2021 in the International Journal of Social Psychiatry; retracted on November 26, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Welchen Corona-Experten können Ärzte vertrauen?” published on April 29, 2021 in MMW – Fortschritte der Medizin; retracted on September 23, 2021.
“Whole-Body Cryotherapy as an Innovative Treatment for COVID 19-Induced Anosmia-Hyposmia: A Feasibility Study,” published on January 13, 2022 in the Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine; retracted on March 9, 2022.
“Why are we vaccinating children against COVID-19?,” published on September 14, 2021 in Toxicology Reports; correction published October 7, 2021, expression of concern published December 17, 2021, retracted on May 6, 2022. Our coverage here.
“Will the extraction of COVID-19 from wastewater help flatten the curve?” published on January 5, 2021 in Chemosphere; retracted on August 24, 2021. Our coverage here.
“Willingness to Accept COVID-19 Vaccine and Associated Factors Among Adult Household Members in Dire Dawa City Administration, East Ethiopia,” published on November 1, 2022 in Patient Preference and Adherence; retracted on February 8, 2023.
“Work–Family Conflict, Emotional Intelligence, and General Self-Efficacy Among Medical Practitioners During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” published on November 15, 2021 in Psychology Research and Behavior Management; retracted on October 20, 2023.

Expressions of concern

“Common contributing factors to COVID-19 and inflammatory bowel disease,” published on August 31, 2021 as part of a special issue in Toxicology Reports; EoC assigned to entire issue on December 17, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Complete Genome Sequence of a 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Strain Isolated in Nepal,” published on March 20 in Microbiology Resource Announcements. EoC here.
“COVID-19 pandemic and alcohol consumption: Impacts and interconnections,” published on August 31, 2021 as part of a special issue in Toxicology Reports; correction issued on September 2, 2021, EoC assigned to entire issue on December 17, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR,” published in Eurosurveillance in January 2020. Corrections published on April 8, 2020, July 30, 2020 (2 notices), February 4, 2021; EOC issued DEcember 3, 2020. Our coverage here.
“Emergence of NDM-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa among hospitalized patients and impact on antimicrobial therapy during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic,” published on June 28, 2021 in Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology; EOC issued on September 16, 2022;
“Excess mortality across countries in the western world since the COVID-19 pandemic: ‘Our World in Data’ estimates of January 2020 to December 2022,” published on June 3, 2024 in BMJ Public Health; EOC issued on June 14, 2024.
“Humoral immune mechanisms involved in protective and pathological immunity during COVID-19,” published on July 1, 2021 in Human Immunology; EOC issued on 4/8/2023.
“Improved strategies to counter the COVID-19 pandemic: Lockdowns vs. primary and community healthcare,” published on August 31, 2021 as part of a special issue in Toxicology Reports; EoC assigned to entire issue on December 17, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Is online education more welcomed during COVID-19? An empirical study of social impact theory on online tutoring platforms,” published on January 20, 2021 in The International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education; EOC issued on December 15, 2021.
“Ivermectin for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis to Inform Clinical Guidelines,” published June 21, 2021 in the American Journal of Therapeutics; EoC published February 7, 2022. Our coverage here and here.
“Mrna COVID Vaccines Dramatically Increase Endothelial Inflammatory Markers and ACS Risk as Measured by the PULS Cardiac Test: a Warning (Abstract 10712),” published on November 8, 2021; EOC published November 24, 2021; Correction issued December 21, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Review of the Emerging Evidence Demonstrating the Efficacy of Ivermectin in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of COVID-19,” published on April 22, 2021 in the American Journal of Therapeutics; EoC published February 7, 2022. Our coverage here.
“Risk factors associated with COVID-19-induced death in patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) in a city in Southern Brazil,” published on August 31, 2021 as part of a special issue in Toxicology Reports; EoC assigned to entire issue on December 17, 2021. See our coverage here.
“Safety of COVID-19 vaccines administered in the EU: Should we be concerned?,” published on August 31, 2021 as part of a special issue in Toxicology Reports; correction issued on September 2, 2021, EoC assigned to entire issue on December 17, 2021. See our coverage here.
“The Comparative Analysis of Two RT-qPCR Kits for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Reveals a Higher Risk of False-Negative Diagnosis in Samples with High Quantification Cycles for Viral and Internal Genes,” published on July 5, 2022 in the Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology; EOC issued on January 19, 2023.
“The introduction of a mandatory mask policy was associated with significantly reduced COVID-19 cases in a major metropolitan city,” published on July 21, 2021 in PLoS One; EOC issued on April 21, 2023.
“Unexpected detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the prepandemic period in Italy,” published in Tumori on November 11, 2020, subject to an expression of concern on March 22, 2021. Expression of concern removed on June 30, 2021.

Note: Retraction Watch does not draw a distinction between withdrawal and retraction, because journals that have done so have typically done it to justify not saying anything about why a paper was retracted, and to sometimes make a paper disappear without a trace. Richard Sever, co-founder of bioRxiv and medRxiv, asked that we include a comment from him about how the processes for withdrawing preprints and retracting journal articles may differ: Journals may retract a paper at the authors’ request and/or if the editors identify fundamental flaws that would have precluded acceptance if spotted during review. [RW: Note that some journals insist that they cannot make such moves without authors’ permission.] A preprint is usually withdrawn only at an authors’ request. A preprint server will not typically withdraw a flawed preprint against the wishes of the author, since the server made no claim to have peer-reviewed and certified the scientific content in the first place. At the same time, preprint servers *will* withdraw a preprint against the authors’ wishes in instances of fraud, ethics violations, dangerous material, or legal issues. It is thus the nature of preprints that there will be some that contain errors but are not withdrawn and would not appear in the above list. [RW: The same is, of course, true of some papers in peer-reviewed journals.]

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